Infringement anyone?

See examples of use for the Bill of Rights (below)

On this page:

See also https://www.thecommonwealthofaustralia.com.au/bill-of-rights-1688/

Summary of the Bill of Rights 1688, incorporating a measured reference to Parliamentary Infosheet No. 23 (Australian Parliament House) to strengthen its recognised constitutional relevance in Australia.

Bill of Rights 1688 (UK) — Summary for Procedural Use

Status

The Bill of Rights 1688 (1 Will & Mary Sess 2 c 2) forms part of the constitutional inheritance of the common law and remains in force in limited form in several Australian States through Imperial Acts Application legislation. It operates today as a constitutional and interpretive authority, not as a free-standing source of personal rights.

Its continuing constitutional significance is expressly acknowledged in Parliamentary Infosheet No. 23 (Australian Parliament House), which identifies the Bill of Rights as one of the foundational instruments underpinning Australia’s system of responsible government, the rule of law, and limits on executive power.

Core Purpose

The Bill of Rights was enacted to restrain executive authority following abuses by the Crown. It does not confer immunity, status-based privilege, or moral entitlement. Its function is structural: to ensure that punishment and coercive power occur only through lawful judicial processes.

Key Provision (s 11)

“That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void.”

Legal Effect (Precisely)

Section 11 establishes that:

  • fines, forfeitures, or penalties
  • imposed on identified persons
  • prior to conviction by a court of record

are unlawful.

The provision is directed against executive or administrative punishment without judicial adjudication.

What It Protects

  • Protection against punishment without conviction
  • Confirmation that liability must follow judicial determination
  • Reinforcement of the separation between:
    • administrative action, and
    • judicial power

As noted in Infosheet 23, this reflects a core constitutional principle:

no person is to be punished unless a court has found a breach of the law.

What It Does Not Do

The Bill of Rights does not:

  • invalidate modern statutory penalty schemes by itself
  • prohibit Parliament from creating offences or enforcement systems
  • guarantee a jury trial in all cases
  • provide exemption based on belief, conscience, or objection

Its modern function is confirmatory and interpretive, not absolute.

Modern Use in Australia

In contemporary Australian law, the Bill of Rights 1688 is relied upon:

  • as an interpretive aid in construing statutes that impose penalties or authorise enforcement;
  • to reinforce the presumption against non-judicial punishment;
  • to support the proposition that administrative enforcement is provisional where liability is disputed and judicial determination remains available.

Its relevance is strengthened—not diminished—by its inclusion in Parliamentary Infosheet 23, which situates it within Australia’s ongoing constitutional framework rather than as a purely historical artefact.

Accurate One-Sentence Formulation (Court-Safe)

The Bill of Rights 1688 confirms the constitutional principle, recognised in Australian parliamentary and judicial materials, that fines and penalties may not be imposed on identified persons except following conviction by a court.

Bottom Line

  • The Bill of Rights 1688 restrains executive punishment
  • It confirms that liability follows conviction, not assertion
  • Its authority in Australia is recognised constitutionally and parlamentarily
  • It informs how modern law is applied; it does not replace it

 

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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Article 15
1 . No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was committed. If, subsequent to the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the imposition of the lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby.

2. Nothing in this article shall prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations.

Note: Road traffic offences are offences of state Road traffic Acts.

Australian Road Rules

The national road rules, the “Australian Road Rules
https://pcc.gov.au/uniform/Australian-Road-Rules-9June2023-bookmarked.pdf
This is a consolidated version of the Australian Road Rules. These Rules are a national
model law and are intended to provide the basis for nationally consistent road rules.
These Rules do not, by themselves, have any legal effect.
Traffic “offences” are breaches of State legislation (Road traffic Act in your state or territory), not national or international law.
Added February 2026:

Bill of Rights practical inclusion examples

[BAS 08/02/2026 018]

Yes. Below are the amended, jurisdiction-neutral versions of the three model paragraphs.
They apply Australia / Commonwealth-wide, while remaining orthodox and court-safe.


1. Court Affidavit — Historical Confirmation Paragraph (Australia-wide)

“The requirement that liability and enforceable penalty arise only after adjudication by a court of competent jurisdiction is not novel. It is a settled feature of Australian constitutional and administrative law, as confirmed by modern High Court authority. That principle is also reflected in s 11 of the Bill of Rights 1688, which remains in force in Australian jurisdictions by force of Imperial reception legislation, and provides that ‘all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void’. The provision does not displace contemporary statutory schemes; rather, it confirms the long-standing presumption that enforcement consequences follow conviction, not administrative assertion.”


2. Standard “Traffic / Infringement” Challenge — Administrative Correspondence (Australia-wide)

“Where liability for an alleged offence is disputed, the law proceeds on the basis that enforceable penalty follows judicial determination, not administrative assertion. This is reflected in infringement schemes across Australia, which provide a mechanism for the recipient to elect court determination. That position accords with the long-standing constitutional rule against punishment prior to conviction, confirmed by s 11 of the Bill of Rights 1688, which provides that fines or forfeitures imposed before conviction are illegal and void. This correspondence proceeds on the basis that the infringement process operates administratively unless and until the matter is determined by a court.”


3. Response to a Claim or Demand by a Council or Government Employee (Australia-wide)

“Any enforcement position taken by a public authority must proceed on the basis that liability is not conclusively established by administrative assertion where it is disputed. That position is required by contemporary Australian law governing public administration and reflects the long-standing constitutional principle against punishment without adjudication. Section 11 of the Bill of Rights 1688 confirms that fines or forfeitures imposed before conviction are illegal and void. The principle does not prevent administrative notices being issued, but it does require that disputed liability be resolved through the appropriate court process rather than treated as established by correspondence or demand.”


Optional Single-Line Historical Add-On (Neutral)

If you need a brief reference to Magna Carta without jurisdictional anchoring:

“This approach is consistent with the long-standing constitutional requirement, reflected since Magna Carta 1297 (cl 29), that deprivation of liberty or penalty occurs only according to law.”


Why These Versions Are Safe Nationally

  • No State-specific legislation cited
  • Reliance placed on:
    • High Court doctrine,
    • constitutional structure,
    • Imperial statutes received into Australian law
  • Compatible with Commonwealth, State, and Territory schemes
  • Preserves the Principle of Legality without asserting historical supremacy

If you want next, I can:

  • align these with Commonwealth offences (e.g. camera enforcement, federal agencies), or
  • draft a single modular paragraph that can be dropped into any NOCA or affidavit without amendment, or
  • map each paragraph to Plaintiff S157 / Kirk / Brandy in a footnote-ready form.

The claim is disputed, let them take you to court

[our ref BAS 08/02/2026 063]

Below is the revised State-agency version, incorporating:

  • clear statement that the author does not elect the administrative option to take the matter to court;
  • clarification that the burden rests with the agency to commence proceedings if it maintains the allegation; and
  • a measured request for full disclosure of evidence only if the agency elects to proceed.

Tone remains procedural and court-safe.


To:
[Name], acting in the office of [job title, State Agency / Authority Name]

From:
John Henry
pp / agent for JOHN HENRY DOE

Date: ___ / ___ / ______

Notice to agent is notice to principal.
Notice to principal is notice to agent.

[Name], acting in the office of [job title],

I refer to your assertion that an offence has been committed, your reference [infringement/claim number xxx].

I do not admit the allegation or any associated liability.

For the avoidance of doubt, I do not elect any administrative option requiring me to initiate court proceedings or otherwise take the matter to court at my own instance.

If the Agency maintains that a valid claim exists, please:

  1. Identify the constitutional source of authority relied upon, including the relevant provision(s) of the [State] Constitution, as operating consistently with the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Imp), as amended by lawful referenda;
  2. Identify the statute (if any) said to give effect to that constitutional authority in this matter; and
  3. Commence proceedings in a court of competent jurisdiction, so that the allegation may be determined according to law.

If the Agency elects to commence such proceedings, please also provide full disclosure of all material and evidence upon which it intends to rely, including any witness statements, records, images, data, or other evidentiary material, so that the matter may be addressed fairly and efficiently.

Alternatively, if upon review the Agency does not intend to commence proceedings, it may elect to withdraw the matter without further action. In that event, advice confirming that the matter has been withdrawn would be appreciated.

Pending such particularisation and commencement, no administrative assertion is accepted as conclusive, and no liability is admitted.

This notice is provided for procedural clarity only and without waiver of any rights or remedies at law.

Respectfully,

Authored by:


John Henry
pp / agent for JOHN HENRY DOE

Date: ___ / ___ / ______

If the administrative process rolls on…

[our ref BAS 08/02/2026 068]

Nothing physically bars them — but law, process, and risk do.
The constraint is juridical, not mechanical.

This distinction is critical, so I’ll lay it out plainly and accurately.

1. The hard truth first

There is no magic notice that automatically stops an agency from:

  • continuing an administrative process,
  • issuing an infringement,
  • registering a fine,
  • escalating internally.

Agencies often ignore notices as a matter of practice.

What they cannot do safely is ignore the legal consequences of doing so once your position is on the record.

Your notice does not block action — it conditions its lawfulness.

2. What your notice actually does (in law)

Your notice accomplishes four concrete things:

(a) It removes implied consent

Administrative schemes often rely on:

  • silence,
  • non-response,
  • deemed acceptance,
  • election by inaction.

Your notice expressly states:

  • you do not elect the administrative pathway;
  • you do not admit liability.

That matters later.

(b) It fixes the burden of initiation on the agency

You have said, clearly and in writing:

“If you maintain a claim, commence proceedings.”

From that point:

  • they choose to litigate, or
  • they choose not to.

If they continue administratively, they do so knowing the matter is disputed.

That changes the legal character of their conduct.

(c) It forecloses “procedural ambush”

If they proceed administratively after this notice, they can no longer say:

  • “the person never raised an issue,”
  • “the person accepted the process,”
  • “there was no dispute.”

Your notice becomes exhibit A in any later review.

(d) It lays groundwork for jurisdictional error

This is the quiet but decisive effect.

Once an agency:

  • asserts liability,
  • despite a clear dispute,
  • without adjudication,
  • and without commencing proceedings,

they expose themselves to:

  • denial of procedural fairness,
  • jurisdictional error,
  • abuse of process,
  • improper purpose.

That does not stop them immediately — but it poisons the well.

3. Why agencies still proceed anyway

Agencies proceed administratively because:

  • volume processing is cheaper;
  • most people capitulate;
  • few challenge escalation;
  • risk is deferred, not immediate.

They gamble that:

you won’t follow through.

Your notice raises the cost of that gamble.

4. What actually restrains them (practically)

The real restraints are:

(1) Judicial review risk

If enforcement proceeds without court determination:

  • your notice evidences a live dispute;
  • administrative finality becomes contestable.

Courts are far more receptive once the agency knew and proceeded anyway.

(2) Abuse of process exposure

Persisting administratively after being asked to litigate can be characterised as:

  • coercive,
  • punitive,
  • designed to avoid judicial scrutiny.

Agencies hate that allegation — and rightly so.

(3) Disclosure consequences

If they avoid court:

  • no disclosure obligations arise;
  • but if they later litigate, your notice triggers questions like:
    • “Why didn’t you commence proceedings earlier?”
    • “Why did you enforce administratively despite dispute?”

That is uncomfortable evidence.

5. What does not restrain them (important)

Be clear-eyed about this.

Your notice does not:

  • legally prohibit administrative escalation;
  • invalidate infringement schemes automatically;
  • compel court proceedings;
  • force withdrawal.

It preserves your position, not controls their behaviour.

6. Why this still matters enormously

Because administrative power is fragile when challenged correctly.

The law tolerates:

  • administrative processing of undisputed matters.

It does not tolerate:

  • punishment without adjudication,
  • coercion to avoid court,
  • enforcement in the face of an explicit dispute.

Your notice converts the matter from:

“routine administration”
into
“contested enforcement”.

That shift is everything.

7. The single-sentence answer (if you had to explain this to a judge)

Nothing prevents the agency from continuing administratively, but once put on notice of a dispute and a refusal to elect the administrative pathway, any further enforcement without judicial determination proceeds at risk of jurisdictional error and denial of procedural fairness.

That is orthodox law.

Bottom line

  • Agencies can ignore your notice
  • They cannot safely rely on administrative finality afterward
  • Your notice strips implied consent
  • It shifts risk forward onto the agency
  • It preserves every downstream remedy

Last Updated 6 months ago

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Posted by Jillian